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Herbs & Supplements

Papain
Other Names: Carica papaya, Vegetable pepsin

References

Adebiyi A, Adaikan PG, Prasad RN. Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model. British Journal of Nutrition. 2002;88(2):199-203.

Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. The biology and ecology of papaya (paw paw), Carica papaya L., in Australia. April 2003. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/ogtr/rtf/ir/papaya.rtf. Accessed August 11, 2003.

Bahl A, Chander S, Julka PK, et al. Micronuclei evaluation of reduction in neoadjuvant chemotherapy related acute toxicity in locally advanced lung cancer: an Indian experience. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2006;54:191-195.

Baker EL, Baker WL, Cloney DJ. Resolution of a phytobezoar with Aldoph's Meat Tenderizer. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(2):299-302.

Beuth J, Ost B, Pakdaman A, et al. Impact of complementary oral enzyme application on the postoperative treatment results of breast cancer patients--results of an epidemiological multicentre [sic] retrolective cohort study. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001;47 Suppl:S45-S54.

Bienen H, Raus I. Therapeutic comparison of throat lozenges; (author's translation). [Article in German]. MMW Muenchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1981;123(18):745-747.

Billigmann P. Enzyme therapy--an alternative in treatment of herpes zoster. A controlled study of 192 patients. [Article in German] Fortschritte Der Medizin. 1995;113(4):43-48.

Chakraborty P, Ghosh D, Chowdhury I, et al. Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica papaya L. pollen: an aeroallergen from India. Allergy. 2005;60(7):920-926.

Chaudhry AS. Comparing two commercial enzymes to estimate in vitro proteolysis of purified or semi-purified proteins. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berlin). 2005 Dec;89(11-12):403-12.

Couto JM, Castilho EA, Menezes PR. Chemonucleolysis in lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis. Clinics. 2007;62(2):175-180.

Dale PS, Tamhankar CP, George D, Daftary GV. Co-medication with hydrolytic enzymes in radiation therapy of uterine cervix: evidence of the reduction of acute side effects. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001;47(Suppl):S29-S34.

Dawkins G, Hewitt H, Wint Y, Obiefuna PC, Wint B. Antibacterial effects of Carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. West Indian Medical Journal. 2003;52(4):290-292.

Diez-Gomez ML, Quirce S, Aragoneses E, Cuevas M. Asthma caused by Ficus benjamina latex: evidence of cross-reactivity with fig fruit and papain. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 1998;80(1):24-30.

Dominguez de Maria P, Sinisterra JV, Tsai SW, Alcantara AR. Carica papaya lipase (CPL): an emerging and versatile biocatalyst. Biotechnology Advances. 2006;24(5):493-499.

Duke JA. Carica papaya L. Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983. Unpublished. Available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Carica_papaya.html. Accessed August 11, 2003.

Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants orphan drug status to wobe-mugos for multiple myeloma. [press release] August 10, 2000.

Giuliano AR, Siegel EM, Roe DJ, et al; for the Ludwig-McGill HPV Natural History Study. Dietary intake and risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: the Ludwig-McGill HPV Natural History Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003;188(10):1508-1516.

Grabovac V, Schmitz T, Foger F, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Papain: an effective permeation enhancer for orally administered low molecular weight heparin. Pharmaceutical Research. 2007;24(5):1001-1006.

Gujral MS, Patnaik PM, Kaul R, et al. Efficacy of hydrolytic enzymes in preventing radiation therapy-induced side effects in patients with head and neck cancers. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001;47 Suppl:S23-S28.

HealthNotes, Inc. Digestive enzymes. 2002. Available at: http://www.mycustompak.com/healthNotes/Supp/Enzymes.htm Accessed August 15, 2003.

Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy. 2000;57(13):1221-1230.

Hemmer W, Focke M, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 2004;34(8):1251-1258.

Hewitt H, Whittle S, Lopez S, Bailey E, Weaver S. Topical use of papaya in chronic skin ulcer therapy in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal. 2000;49(1):32-33.

Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2005;98(1):1-14.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Kamaruzzaman M, Chowdhury SD, Podder CK, Pramanik MA. Dried papaya skin as a dietary ingredient for broiler chickens. British Poultry Science. 2005;46(3):390-393.

Leipner J, Iten F, Saller R. Therapy with proteolytic enzymes in rheumatic disorders. BioDrugs. 2001;15(12):779-789.

Leipner J, Saller R. Systemic enzyme therapy in oncology: effect and mode of action. Drugs. 2000;59(4):7697-80.

Lubec G, Forster O, Coradello H, Maxa E, Pollak A. Proteolytic degradation of the glomerular basement membrane and immunochemical characterization of split products. Renal Physiology. 1980;3(1-6):126-132.

Lubec G, Pollak A. Reduced susceptibility of nonenzymatically glucosylated glomerular basement membrane to proteases: is thickening of diabetic glomerular basement membranes due to reduced proteolytic degradation? Renal Physiology. 1980;3(1-6):4-8.

Mahattanatawee K, Manthey JA, Luzio G, Talcott ST, Goodner K, Baldwin EA. Total antioxidant activity and fiber content of select Florida-grown tropical fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54(19):7355-7363.

Mansfield LE, Ting S, Haverly RW, Yoo TJ. The incidence and clinical implications of hypersensitivity to papain in an allergic population, confirmed by blinded oral challenge. Annals of Allergy. 1985;55(4):541-543.

Martin T, Uhder K, Kurek R, et al. Does prophylactic treatment with proteolytic enzymes reduce acute toxicity of adjuvant pelvic irradiation? Results of a double-blind randomized trial. Radiotherapy in Oncology. 2002;65(1):17-22.

Mikhalchik EV, Ivanova AV, Anurov MV, et al. Wound-healing effect of papaya-based preparation in experimental thermal trauma. Bulletin of Experimental Biology in Medicine. 2004;137(6):560-562.

Oderinde O, Noronha C, Oremosu A, Kusemiju T, Okanlawon OA. Abortifacient properties of aqueous extract of Carica papaya (Linn) seeds on female Sprague-Dawley rats. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002;9(2):95-98.

Pieper B, Caliri MH. Nontraditional wound care: A review of the evidence for the use of sugar, papaya/papain, and fatty acids. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing. 2003;30(4):175-183.

Popiela T, Kulig J, Hanisch J, Bock PR. Influence of a complementary treatment with oral enzymes on patients with colorectal cancers--an epidemiological retrolective cohort study. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001;47 Suppl:S55-S63.

Raus I. Clinical studies on Frubienzyme in a controlled double-blind trial. [Article in German] Fortschritte Der Medizin.1976;94(28):1579-1582.

Roep BO, van den Engel NK, van Halteren AG, Duinkerken G, Martin S. Modulation of autoimmunity to beta-cell antigens by proteases. Diabetologia. 2002;45(5):686-692.

Runnie I, Salleh MN, Mohamed S, Head RJ, Abeywardena MY. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;92(2-3):311-316.

Sadaghiani AM, Verhelst SH, Gocheva V, et al. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of in vivo potency and selectivity of epoxysuccinyl-based inhibitors of papain-family cysteine proteases. Chemical Biology. 2007;14(5):499-511.

Sakalova A, Bock PR, Dedik L, et al. Retrolective cohort study of an additive therapy with an oral enzyme preparation in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2001;47 Suppl:S38-S44.

Savickiene N, Dagilyte A, Lukosius A, Zitkevicius V. Importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus. [Article in Lithuanian] Medicina (Kaunas). 2002;38(10):970-975.

Starley IF, Mohammed P, Schneider G, Bickler SW. The treatment of paediatric [sic] burns using topical papaya. Burns. 1999;25(7):636-639.

Steffen C, Menzel J. In vivo degradation of immune complexes in the kidney by orally administered enzymes. [Article in German] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 1987;99(15):525-531.

Stepek G, Lowe AE, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Behnke JM. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of plant cysteine proteinases against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Trichuris muris. Parasitology. 2006;132(Pt 5):681-689.

Tavares FX, Deaton DN, Miller AB, Miller LR, Wright LL, Zhou HQ. Potent and selective ketoamide-based inhibitors of cysteine protease, cathepsin k. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2004;47(21):5049-5056.

Traversa E, Machado-Santelli GM, Velasco MV. Histological evaluation of hair follicle due to papain's depilatory effect. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2007 ;335(1-2):163-166.

van Kampen V, Merget R, Bruning T. Occupational allergies to papain. [Article in German] Pneumologie. 2005;59(6):405-410.

Wald M, Zavadova E, Pouckova P, Zadinova M, Boubelik M. Polyenzyme preparation Wobe-Mugos inhibits growth of solid tumors and development of experimental metastases in mice. Life Sciences. 1998;63(8):PL43-48.

Yeung AT, Yeung CA. Minimally invasive techniques for the management of lumbar disc herniation. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2007;38(3):363-372.

Zavadova E, Desser L, Mohr T. Stimulation of reactive oxygen species production and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils in vitro and after oral administration of a polyenzyme preparation. Cancer Biotherapy 1995;10(2):147-152.

Last Revised October 17, 2007

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Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

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